Making Jews Modern"An engaging and thought provoking analysis, . . . a pioneering foray into a new field of study, 'Jews and Empires in History.'" Slavic Review On the eve of the 20th century, Jews in the Russian and Ottoman empires were caught up in the major cultural and social transformations that constituted modernity for Ashkenazi and Sephardi Jewries. What did it mean to be Jewish and Russian, Jewish and Ottoman, Jewish and modern? To answer these questions,